tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17210001938423152082024-03-05T02:44:41.462-08:00 Jiwa Larajiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-57410146781113264602013-08-19T07:37:00.001-07:002013-08-19T07:37:13.441-07:00CHAPTER NINE:ENABLING THE ORGANIZATION<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
NINE:ENABLING THE ORGANIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Reason
for Growth of Decision Making Information System<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1.
People need to analyze large amounts of information :- improvement in
technology itself, innovations in communication, and globalisation have
resulted in a dramatic increase in the alternatives and dimension people need
to consider when making a decision or appraising an opportunity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2.
People must make decision quickly :- time is of the essence and people simply
do not have time to sift through all the information manually.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3.
People must apply sophisticated analysis technique such as modelling and
forecasting to make good decision :- information system substantially reduce
the time required to perform this sophisticated analysis technique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">4.
People must protect the corporate asset of organizational information :-
information systems offer the security required to ensure organization
information remains safe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Model
- a simplified representation or abstraction of reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Transaction
Processing System<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Moving up through the organizational pyramid
users move from requiring transactional information to analytical information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> Ø
Transaction processing system – the basic business system that serves
the operational level (analysis) in an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Online transaction processing (OLTP) – the
capturing of transaction and event information using technology to (1) process
the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the information,
(3) update existing information to reflect the new information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Online analytical processing (OLAP) – the
manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of
strategic decision making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Decision
support systems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Decision support system (DSS) – models information
to support managers and business professionals during the decision-making
process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Three quantitative models used by DSSs
include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1. Sensitivity analysis – the study of the
impact that changes in one (or more) parts of the model have on other parts of
the model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2. What-if analysis – checks the impact of
a change in an assumption on the proposed solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Goal-seeking
analysis – finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level
of outputs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Executive
information system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Executive information system (EIS) – A
specialized DSS that supports senior level executives within the organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Most EISs offering the following
capabilities;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Consolidation – involves the
aggregation of information and features simple roll-ups to complex groupings of
interrelated information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Drill-down – enables users to get
details, and details of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Slice-and-dice – looks at information
from different perspectives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Interaction between a TPS and an EIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Digital dashboard – integrates information
from multiple components and presents it in a united display<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Artificial
intelligence (AI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø The ultimate goal of AI is the ability to
build a system that can mimic human intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Intelligent system – various commercial
applications of artificial intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Artificial intelligence (AI) – simulates
human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Four most common categories of AI include;</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">1. </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Expert system – computerized advisory
programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult
problems</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2. Neural network – attempts to emulate the
way the human brain works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> Fuzzy logic – a mathematical method of
handling imprecise or subjective information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3. Genetic algorithm – an artificial
intelligent system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">4. Intelligent agent – special-purposed
knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf
of its users<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Data
Mining<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Data-mining software includes many forms of
AI such as neutral networks and expert systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-91586525849526403222013-08-19T07:33:00.001-07:002013-08-19T07:33:11.908-07:00CHAPTER EIGHT – ACCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION-DATA WAREHOUSE<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">CHAPTER
EIGHT – ACCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION-DATA WAREHOUSE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What
is Data Warehouse?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Defined in many different ways, but not
rigorously<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- A decision support database that is
maintained separately from the organization’s operational database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- A consistent database source that
bring together information from multiple sources for decision support queries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Support information processing by
providing a solid platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">History
of Data Warehousing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø In the 1990’s executives became less
concerned with the day-to-day business operations and more concerned with
overall business functions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø The data warehouse provided the ability to
support decision making without disrupting the day-to-day operations, because;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Operational information is mainly
current – does not include the history for better decision making<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Issues of quality information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Without information history, it is
difficult to tell how and why things change over time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Data
warehouse fundamentals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Data warehouse – A logical collection of
information – gathered from many different operational databases – that
supports business analysis activities and decision-making takes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to
combined information throughout an organization into a single repository for
decision-making purposes – data warehouse support only analytical processing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Data
warehouse model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Extraction, transformation and loading (ETL)
– A process that extracts information from internal and external databases,
transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and
loads the information into a data warehouse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Data warehouse then send subsets of the
information to data mart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Data mart – contains a subset of data
warehouse information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Multidimensional
Analysis and Data Mining<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Relational Database contains information in a
series of two-dimensional tables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø In a data warehouse and data mart,
information is multidimensional, it contains layers of columns and rows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Dimension – A particular attribute of
information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Once a cube of information is created, users
can begin to slice and dice the cube to drill down into the information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Users can analyze information in a number of
different ways and with number of different dimensions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Data Mining – the process of analyzing data
to extract information not offered by the raw data alone. Also known as
“knowledge discovery” – computer-assisted tools and techniques for sifting
through and analyzing vast data stores in order to finds trends, patterns and
correlations that can guide decision making and increase understanding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø To perform data mining users need data-mining
tools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Data-mining tool – uses a variety of
techniques to finds patterns and relationships in large volumes of information.
Eg: retailers and use knowledge of these patterns to improve the placement of
items in the layout of a mail-order catalog page or Web page.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Information
Cleansing or Scrubbing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø An organization must maintain high-quality
data in the data warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Information cleansing or scrubbing – A
process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect or
incomplete information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Occurs during ETL process and second on the
information once if is in the data warehouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Contract information in an operational system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Standardizing Customer name from Operational Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Information cleansing activities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Missing Records or Attributes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Redundant Records<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Missing Keys or Other Required Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Erroneous Relationships or References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Inaccurate Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Business
Intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Business Intelligence – refers to
applications and technologies that are used to gather, provides access, analyze
data and information to support decision making efforts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø These systems will illustrate business
intelligence in the areas of customer profiling, customer support, market
research, market segmentation, product profitability, statistical analysis, and
inventory and distribution analysis to name a few<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Eg; Excel, Access<o:p></o:p></span></div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-37715391761284009532013-08-19T07:28:00.001-07:002013-08-19T07:28:29.025-07:00Chapter 7 - Storing Organizational Information - Database<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;">Chapter 7 - Storing Organizational Information - Database</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">RELATIONAL
DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> -
Information is everywhere in an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Information is stored in databases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Database – maintains information about
various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people
(employees), and places (warehouses)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> -
Database models include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Hierarchical database model – information is
organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such
a way that it cannot have too many relationships</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Network database model – a flexible way of representing objects and
their relationship</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically
related two-dimensional tables</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ENTITIES
AND ATTRIBUTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Entity – a person, place, thing,
transaction, or event about which information is stored<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø The rows in each table contains the entities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Attributes (fields, columns) –
characteristics or properties of an entity class<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø The columns in each table contain the
attributes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">KEYS
AND RELATIONSHIPS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Primary keys and foreign keys identity the
various entity classes (tables) in the database<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Primary key – a fields (or group of fields)
that uniquely identities a given entity in a table<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Foreign key – a primary key of one table that
appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical
relationships among the two tables <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">RELATIONAL
DATABASE ADVANTAGES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Database advantages from a business
perspective include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Increased flexibility<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Increased scalability and performance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Reduced information redundancy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Increased information integrity (quality)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Increased information security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">INCREASED
FLEXIBILITY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- A well-designed database should;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Handle changes quickly and easily<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Provide users with different views<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Have only one physical views<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">§ Physical view – deals with the physical
storage of information on a storage device<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Have multiple logical views<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">§ Logical view – focuses on how users logically
access information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">INCREASED
SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- A database must scale to meet increased
demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Scalability – refers to how well a system can
adapt to increased demands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Performance – measures how quickly a system
performs a certain process or transaction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">REDUCED
INFORMATION REDUNDANCY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Databases reduce information redundancy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Redundancy – the duplication of information
or storing the same information in multiple places<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Inconsistency is one of the primary
problems with redundant information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">INCREASED
INFORMATION SECURITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Information is an organization asset and
must be protected<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Databases offer several security features
including;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Password – provides authentication of the
user<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Access level – determines who has access to
the different types of information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Database management systems (DBMS) –
software through which users and application programs interact with a database<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DATA-DRIVEN
WEB SITES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Data-driven Web sites – an interactive
Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of database<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DATA-DRIVEN
WEB SITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Content Management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Future Expandability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Minimizing Human Error<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Cutting Production and Update Costs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- More Efficient<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Improved Stability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DATA-DRIVEN
BUSINESS INTELLIGENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- BI in a data-driven Web site<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">INTEGRATING
INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">- Integration – allows separate systems to
communicate directly with each other<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Ø Forward integration – takes information
entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream
systems and processes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-58437075855848422282013-07-26T01:48:00.002-07:002013-07-26T01:49:22.125-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Chapter 6 –
Valuing Organizational Information<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">ORGANIZATIONAL
INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Information is
everywhere in an organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Employees must be
able to obtain and analyze the many different levels, formats and granularity
of organizational information to make decisions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Successfully
collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing information can provide tremendous
insight into how an organization is performing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> Levels, formats and granularity of
organizational information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">THE VALUE OF
TRANSNATIONAL AND ANALYTICALLY INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Transaction
information verses analytically information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> </span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">THE VALUE OF
TIMELY INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Timeliness is an aspect of information that
depends on the situation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Real-time information – immediate,
up-to-date information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Real-time system – provides real-time
information in response to query requests<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">THE VALUE OF
QUALITY INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Business decisions are only as good as the
quality of the information used to make the decisions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- You never want to find yourself using
technology to help you make a bad decision faster<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Characteristics of high-quality information
include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmRKQ7KgEEZ-8PFSyu4U0ci6qcm9SqbwjjTXpXHZK_R6i7NHdhV-9CLt1B0ejUOWpdBGktlMFiqq30ZOTqag2oUWrr41amzHjfOxLEM91IkQ8SRnpkLO1fIKcZ2M1fpiGYztklhBgUc91_/s1600/capture-20130714-064203.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmRKQ7KgEEZ-8PFSyu4U0ci6qcm9SqbwjjTXpXHZK_R6i7NHdhV-9CLt1B0ejUOWpdBGktlMFiqq30ZOTqag2oUWrr41amzHjfOxLEM91IkQ8SRnpkLO1fIKcZ2M1fpiGYztklhBgUc91_/s320/capture-20130714-064203.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">UNDERSTANDING
THE COSTS OF POOR INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- The four primary sources of low quality
information include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Online customers
intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Information from
different systems have different entry standards and formats <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Call center
operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save
time <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Third party and
external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies and errors</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Potential business effects resulting from
low quality information include;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Inability to
accurately track customers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Difficulty
identifying valuable customers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Inability to
identify selling opportunities <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Marketing to
nonexistent customers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Difficulty
tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- Inability to
build strong customer relationships<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">UNDERSTANDING THE
BENEFITS OF GOOD INFORMATION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">- <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">High
quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good
decision<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">- Good decisions can directly impact an
organization’s bottom line<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-69235146975710438252013-07-22T04:26:00.001-07:002013-07-22T04:26:42.857-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chapter 5 – Organizational Structures that Support
Strategic Initiatives<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Organizational employees must work closely together to
develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that
organizations must base their businesses upon.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Information technology is a relatively new functional area,
having only been around formally for around 40 years.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Recent IT – related strategic positions:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Chief Information Officer (CIO)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-
Chief Technology Officer (CTO)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Chief Security Officer (CSO)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chief Information
Officer (CIO) – oversees all uses of IT and ensures the strategic alignment of
IT with business goals and objectives.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Broad CIO functions
include;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Manager – ensuring
the delivery of all IT projects, on time and within budget.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Leader – ensuring the strategic vision of IT is in line with
the strategic vision of the organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Communicator – building and maintaining strong executive
relationships.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chief Technology
Officer (CTO) – responsible for ensuring the throughput , speed, accuracy,
availability and reliability of IT<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
o Chief Security
Officer (CSO) – responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
o Chief Privacy
Officer (CPO) – responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of
information<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
o Chief Knowledge
Officer (CKO) – responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the
organization’s knowledge <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV8YSofN6Crac_MrrejObjFD_jZ0sl6j1m0ZeRxrbTEYRFzaOAgxWh8yG0uWwxBULYsPrlqIGy1CDfwvV-DsjEjW28pG-ysW8RF-HkJsr4wUIEkzni9mVd2_0VJRKljORjywqHkF1tU-NF/s1600/capture-20130713-204919.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV8YSofN6Crac_MrrejObjFD_jZ0sl6j1m0ZeRxrbTEYRFzaOAgxWh8yG0uWwxBULYsPrlqIGy1CDfwvV-DsjEjW28pG-ysW8RF-HkJsr4wUIEkzni9mVd2_0VJRKljORjywqHkF1tU-NF/s1600/capture-20130713-204919.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>THE GAP BETWEEN BUSINESS PERSONNEL AND IT PRSONNEL<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Business personnel
possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting and sales<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
IT personnel have the
technological expertise<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This typically causes a communications gap between the
business personnel and IT personnel</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>IMPROVING COMMUNICATIONS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Business personnel must seek to increase their understanding
of IT<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of
the business<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is the
responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between business
personnel and IT personnel<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>ORGANIZATIONAL FUNDAMENTALS – ETHICS AND SECURITY<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ethics and security
are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their
businesses on to be successful<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In recent years, such event as the 9/11 have shed new light
on the meaning of ethics and security<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>ETHICS <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ethics – the principles and standards that guide our
behavior toward other people<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Privacy is a major ethical issues;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Privacy – the right to be left alone when you want to be to
have control ever your own personnel possessions and not to be observed without
your consent<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Issues affected by technology advances<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL ASSETS</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Organizational information is intellectual capital – it must be
protected<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Information
security – the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse
by persons inside or outside an organization<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· E-business
automatically crates tremendous information security risks for organization<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #fff0ee; color: #bd2121; font-family: Chewy; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-54223133394033690902013-07-17T05:28:00.002-07:002013-07-17T05:32:35.384-07:00Chapter 4<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>CHAPTER 4</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>MEASURING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY’S SUCCESS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Key
performance indicator – measures that are tied to business drivers<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Metrics are
detailed measures that feed KPIs<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Performance
metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither
technology, nor business centered, but requires input from both IT and business
professionals</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Efficiency
IT metric – measure the performance of the IT system itself including
throughout speed and availability<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
·
Effectiveness IT metric – measures the impact IT has on business
processes and activities including
customers satisfaction conversion rates and self-through increases<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>BENCHMARKING – BASELINING METRICS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Regardless or what is measured, how it is measured and
whether it is for the sake of efficiency or effectiveness, there must be
benchmarks – beseline values the system seek to attain<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
· Benchmarking
– a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results
to optimal system performance and identifying to improve system performance <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS IT
METRICS<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
·Efficiency IT metrics focus on technology and include :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>* Throughput</b> -
the amount of information that can travel trough a system at any point<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* <b>Transaction
speed</b> - the amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* <b>System
availability</b> – the number of hours a system is available for users<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>* Information
accuracy</b> – the extent to which a system generates the correct results when
executing the same transaction numerous times<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* <b>Web traffic</b>
– includes a host of benchmarks such as the number of page views, the number of
unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing a Web page<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* <b>Response time </b>–the
time it takes to respond to user interactions such as a mouse click<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Effectiveness IT
metrics focus on an organization’s goals, strategies, and objectives and
include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Usability</b> – The ease with which people perform
transactions and/or find information. A popular usability metric on the
Internet is degrees of freedom, which measures the numbers of clicks required
to find desired information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Customer satisfaction</b> – Measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction
surveys, percentage of existing customers retained, and increases in revenue
dollars per customer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Conversion rates</b> – The number of customers an organization
“touches” for the first time and persuades to purchase its products or
services. This is a popular metric for evaluating the effectiveness of banner,
pop-up, and pop-under ads on the Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Financial</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> – Such as return on
investment (the earning power of an organization’s assets), cost-benefit
analysis (the comparison of projected revenues
and costs including development, maintenance, fixed, and variable), and
break-even analysis (the point at which constant revenues equal ongoing costs).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">· Security is an issue for any
organization offering products or services over the Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">· It is inefficient for an organization
to implement Internet security, since it slows down processing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* However, to be effective it must implement
Internet security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Secure Internet connections must offer
encryption and Secure Sockets Layers (SSL denoted by the lock symbol in the
lower corner of a browser) .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">· </span><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Web Site Metrics:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Abandoned registrations</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"> – Number
of visitors who start the process of completing a registration page and then
abandon the activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Abandoned shopping carts</b> – Number of visitors who create a shopping cart
and start shopping and then abandon the activity before paying for the
merchandise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Click-through</b> – people who visit a site, click on an ad, and
are taken to the site of the advertiser.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Conversion rate</b> – potential customers who visit a site and
actually buy something.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Cost-per-thousand (CPM</b>) – sales dollar generated per dollar of
advertising. This is commonly used to make the case for spending money to
appear on a search engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Page exposures</b> – average number of page exposure to an
individual visitor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Total hits</b> – number of visits to a web site, many of which
may be by the same visitor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* <b>Unique visitor</b> – number of unique visitors to a site in a given
time. This is commonly used by Nielsen/Net ratings to rank the most popular Web
site.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT METRICS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Back order – an unfilled customer order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Customer order promised cycle time – the
anticipated or agreed upon cycle time of a purchase order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Customer order actual cycle time – to
actually fill a customer’s purchase order.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Inventory replenishment cycle time – measure
of the manufacturing cycle time plus the
time included to deploy the product to the appropriate distribution center.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">* Inventory turns ( inventory turnover ) – the
number of times that a company’s inventory cycles or turns over per year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
· </div>
jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-28220630472094536342013-07-17T05:24:00.002-07:002013-07-17T05:25:06.039-07:00<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Chapter 3 STRATEGIC INITIATIVES
FOR IMPLEMENTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> STRATEGIC INITIATIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Organizations can
undertake high-profile strategic initiatives including :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Supply chain management (SCM)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Customer relationship
management (CRM)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Business process reengineering (BPR)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif";">Supply
Chain Management (SCM) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Involves the management of information flows between and
among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and
profitability.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4 basic components of supply chain management :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. <b>Supply chain strategy</b> – strategy for managing all
resources to meet customer demand<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. <b>Supply chain partner</b> – partners throughout the
supply chain that deliver finished products, raw materials, and services.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. <b>Supply chain operation</b> – schedule for production
activities<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. <b>Supply chain logistics</b> – product delivery process<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Involve managing all
aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
increase customer loyalty and retention and an
organization’s profitability.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB7z8D2Q8DmE78ejy60sJh65X4HF6q6Kme_WEBaz7u0xDGW0KmlGikg_H_1wfS2oTobId5PyE9JtBEd2FguN-A7gP_klrU140aN-5J6SoYyBC69Vyue8sdl_n7arqzYNzeBgtM4bkZX3SD/s1600/crm-flow.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB7z8D2Q8DmE78ejy60sJh65X4HF6q6Kme_WEBaz7u0xDGW0KmlGikg_H_1wfS2oTobId5PyE9JtBEd2FguN-A7gP_klrU140aN-5J6SoYyBC69Vyue8sdl_n7arqzYNzeBgtM4bkZX3SD/s320/crm-flow.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific
task, such as<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
processing a customer’s order <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The analysis and redesign of workflow within and between
enterprises<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING.<o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Intergrates all departments and functions
troughout </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
IT system so that employees can make decisions by viewing
enterprisewide<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
information on all business operations..<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ERP systems collect data from across an organization and
correlates the data<o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">generating an enterprisewide view</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-38833078696298663332013-07-16T02:31:00.001-07:002013-07-16T02:58:57.008-07:00CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE</span><br />
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>BUYER POWER</b></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> # Hight - When buyers have many choices of whom to buy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> # Low - When their choice a few.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> # To reduce buyer power ( and create competitive advantage), an organization must make it more attractive to buy from the company not from the competitors.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> # Best practice of IT based</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> 2. <b>SUPPLIER POWER</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> Hight - </b>When buyers have a few choic</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">e of whom to buy from.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <b>Low - </b>When their choice are many.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span>Organizations that are buying goods and services in the
supply chain can create a competitive advantages by locating alternative supply
sources (decreasing supplier power) through B2B marketplaces<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1) Business to Business (B2B) marketplace - an internet
based service that brings together many buyers and sellers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Two types of business to business (B2B) marketplaces </b><o:p></o:p></div>
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1) Private exchange -
a single buyer posts its needs and then opens the bidding to any supplier who
would care to bid<o:p></o:p></div>
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2) Reverse auction - an auction format in which increasingly
lower bids are solicited from organizations willing to supply the desired product
or service at an increasingly lower price.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Threat of Substitute Products or Services</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Threat of Substitute Products or Services - high when there
are many alternatives to a product or service and low when there are few
alternatives from which to choose <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Switching
costs - costs that can make customers reluctant to switch to another product or
service.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Threat of new entrants </span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b>Threat of new entrants</b> - high when it is easy for new
competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers
to entering a market<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>Entry
barrier</b> - a product or service feature that customers have come to expect from
organizations in a particular industry and must be offered by an entering
organization to compete and survive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Rivalry among Existing Competitors</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Rivalry among Existing Competitors - high when competition
is fierce in a market and low when competition is more complacent.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Although competition is always more intense in some
industries than in others, the overall trend is toward increased competition in
just about every industry.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Three Generic Strategies - Creating a Business Focus<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Organizations typically follow one of Porter's
three generic strategies when entering a new market</span></div>
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jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1721000193842315208.post-69902165850957939092013-07-01T19:14:00.001-07:002013-07-03T21:24:11.714-07:00CHAPTER 1 BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY<h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">CHAPTER 1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <i>BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY</i></span></h3>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">INFORMATION TECHNOLGY'S ROLE IN BUSINESS is everywhere in business</span>.</h3>
<h3>
<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Business Funtions Receiving The Greatest Benefits From Information Technology</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"> * Customer service</span></h3>
<h3 style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> * Finance</span></h3>
<h3 style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> * Sales & Marketing</span></h3>
<h3 style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> * It operations</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> * Operations Management</span></h3>
<h3 style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> * Hr</span></h3>
<h3 style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> * Security</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"> Information Technology Basics</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"> <i> Information technology (IT)</i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">is a field concerned with the use of tehcnology in managing & </span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> processing information. Also is an important enabler of business sucess & innovation .</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <b>Management Information System (MIS) </b>is a general name for the business function & </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> academic dicipline covering the app of people , technology , & procedure to solve business </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> problem. MIS is a business function , similar to Accounting , finance , operations & human \</span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> resource.</span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <i><b>DATA - raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event</b></i></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> INFORMATION - data converted into a meaningful and useful contex </b></i></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b>BUSINESS INTERLIGENT - app & technology that are used to support deciosion - making </b></i></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> effort.</b></i></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b>IT RESOURCES- PEOPLE USE -----> INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ------> TO WORK </b></i></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> WITH ------> INFORMATION</b></i></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><u>IT CULTURES</u></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> Information-inquiring Culture</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> Employee across departments search for information to better understand the future and align themselve with current trends and new directions.</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> Information-Discovery Culture</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> Employee across departments are open to new insightabout crisis and radical changes and seek </b></i></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> ways to create competitive advantage.</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b>Information- Sharing Culture</b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><b>Employee across department trust each other to use information ( especially about problem </b></i></span></span></div>
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<b><i> and failure) to improve performance.</i></b></div>
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jiwa larahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17466494206824473687noreply@blogger.com0